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Hierarchical Matrices

Literature

2014

[Kriemann2014]
R. Kriemann: H-LU factorization on many-core systems.
The H-LU factorization is a very important algorithm for the construction of robust H-matrix preconditioners for BEM and FEM problems. This paper describes how the construction of the factorization can be implemented efficiently on a many-core system by using a task-graph approach.
MPI

[BörmReimer2014]
S. Börm, K. Reimer: Efficient arithmetic operations for rank-structured matrices based on hierarchical low-rank updates.
to appear in Comp. Vis. Sci.
Most arithmetic algorithms for H-matrices are based on a sequence of low-rank updates that are applied to submatrices of a given H-matrix. This paper introduces an algorithm that performs similar updates on -matrices in linear time and shows how it can be used to develop efficient arithmetic routines for -matrices. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the new approach leads to preconditioners for FEM and BEM problems that require O(n log n) operations for setup and, at least for two-dimensional problems, O(n) units of storage.
arXiv.org

[BebendorfKuskeVenn2014]
M. Bebendorf, C. Kuske, R. Venn: Wideband nested cross approximation for Helmholtz problems.
Num. Math. (2014)
Treating medium- to high-frequency Helmholtz equations by standard H-matrix techniques leads to very high local ranks and makes this approach rather unattractive. This paper combines the idea of directional decompositions introduced in [EngquistYing2007] with the nested ACA algorithm presented in [BebendorfVenn2012]: factoring out plane waves leads to kernel functions that are smooth in a cone originating in a cluster, so ACA can be expected to be appropriate for these functions. Since plane waves are separable, the same holds for the original functions. The resulting algorithm uses a heuristic to choose representative columns of the total cluster basis for the cones and reaches a complexity of O(n log n).
SpringerLink

[BörmChristophersen2014]
S. Börm, S. Christophersen: Approximation of integral operators by Green quadrature and nested cross approximation.
The Green quadrature method (cf. [BörmGördes2014]) can lead to relatively high ranks, particularly in three-dimensional applications. This paper combines this approach with a cross approximation technique in order to obtain a fast algorithm that construct an approximation of a boundary integral element matrix in linear complexity.
arXiv.org

2013

[BörmGördes2013]
S. Börm, J. Gördes: Low-rank approximation of integral operators using the Green formula and quadrature.
Num. Alg. 64(3):567-592 (2013)
Boundary element methods typically rely on a representation formula that expresses the solution of a partial differential equation by boundary integrals. This property can also be used to construct low-rank approximations by applying quadrature rules to the surfaces of suitable subdomains. This paper introduces the corresponding algorithm and proves that it converges exponentially.
SpringerLink

2012

[BebendorfVenn2012]
M. Bebendorf, R. Venn: Constructing nested bases approximations from the entries of non-local operators.
Num. Math. (2012), 121(4):609-635
This paper presents an extension of the ACA algorithm (cf. [BebendorfRjasanow2003]) to -matrices: the total cluster bases (cf. [Börm2005]) are replace by a cross approximation relying on a heuristic choice of representative columns.
SpringerLink

2010

[Börm2010]
Steffen Börm: Efficient Numerical Methods for Non-local Operators: H²-Matrix Compression, Algorithms and Analysis.
EMS Tracts in Mathematics, Vol. 14 (2010)
H²-matrices can be used as data-sparse representations of dense matrices resulting, e.g., from the discretization of an integral or elliptic partial differential operator. This book offers a comprehensive introduction into the relevant algorithms, the techniques for the corresponding complexity and error analysis, and a collection of numerical examples illustrating the properties of the -matrix method.
EMS

2009

[GrasedyckKriemannLeBorne]
L. Grasedyck, R. Kriemann, S. Le Borne: Domain-decomposition based H-LU preconditioning.
Num. Math. 112(4):565-600 (2009)
The performance of triangular factorizations can be improved significantly by using a nested dissection ordering. This paper describes how to construct a nested dissection cluster tree and use it to obtain efficient H-LU factorizations that can be used as preconditioners for partial differential equations.
SpringerLink

[Hackbusch2009]
Wolfgang Hackbusch: Hierarchische Matrizen: Algorithmen und Analysis.
This book gives a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art in the field of hierarchical matrices. It covers algebraic and analytic compression techniques, matrix arithmetic operations, treatment of matrix functions and a new type of multilevel domain decomposition method based on approximations of local Poincaré-Steklov operators.
SpringerLink

2007

[EngquistYing2007]
B. Engquist, L. Ying: Fast directional multilevel algorithms for oscillatory kernels
SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 29(4):1710-1737 (2007)
Applying H- or -methods directly to Helmholtz problems with large wave numbers leads to relatively high local ranks, which results in poor compression results. This paper presents an alternative approach: the Helmholtz kernel function is split into a plane wave and a factor that is smooth in a cone originating from a given cluster. This smooth factor can be approximated by standard techniques, and combining the resulting expansions on different levels of the cluster tree leads to an algorithm of complexity O(n log n).
SIAM

[Börm2007b]
Steffen Börm: Construction of data-sparse H2-matrices by hierarchical compression
SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 31:1820-1839 (2009)
From an algorithmic point of view, H-matrices have a relatively simple structure: the matrix is split into a hierarchy of submatrices, and each submatrix is approximated by low rank. Since all submatrices are independent, simple recursive algorithms can be used to perform various operations. -matrices introduce an additional multilevel structure that can significantly improve the efficiency, but until now also meant that algorithms had to preserve the connections between different levels and blocks. This paper introduces a simple procedure that turns an H-matrix into an -matrix and has the advantage that it can compress each submatrix as soon as it becomes available, thus reducing the storage requirements to those of native -matrix algorithms without sacrificing the simplicity of H-matrix algorithms.
MPI, SIAM

[Börm2007a]
Steffen Börm: Approximation of solution operators of elliptic partial differential equations by H- and -matrices
Num. Math. 115:165-193 (2010)
A major advantage of hierarchical matrix methods compared to multigrid techniques is that they can handle jumping and anisotropic coefficients without the need of specially adapted algorithms. This paper improves the first approximation estimate of [Bebendorf/Hackbusch2003] and extends it to -matrices.
MPI, SpringerLink

2005

[Börm2005b]
Steffen Börm: Adaptive variable-rank approximation of general dense matrices
SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 30:148-168 (2007)
The goal of variable-order schemes [Sauter2000] is to find data-sparse approximations of optimal complexity O(n) which ensure that the approximation error is proportional to the discretization error. The analysis of these schemes is usually quite complicated and closely connected to the underlying continuous problem. This paper presents an algorithm which finds variable-rank approximations of general matrices automatically: if the given matrix can be represented by an -matrix of variable rank, the algorithmus will find such a representation without any additional input from the user.
MPI, SIAM

[Börm2005]
Steffen Börm: Data-sparse approximation of non-local operators by H²-matrices
Lin. Alg. Appl. 422:380-403 (2007)
-matrices reach their high efficiency by exploiting a nested structure of the expansion systems used for the approximation of admissible blocks. For classical integral operators, the existence of suitable nested systems is obvious, but for more general situations, a careful analysis is required. This paper presents the necessary theoretical results and uses them to prove that classical integral operators and solution operators of elliptic partial differential equations can be approximated by -matrices.
MPI, ScienceDirect

2004

[Börm/Grasedyck2004]
Steffen Börm, Lars Grasedyck: Hybrid cross approximation of integral operators.
Num. Math. 101:221-249 (2005)
A popular approach to constructing low-rank approximations of discretized integral operators is based on the application of cross approximation techniques [Tyrtyshnikov2000], [Bebendorf/Rjasanow2003] to entries of the discrete matrix. This has the advantage that a complete H-matrix approximation can be created based only on a routine for evaluating integrals and some geometric information. Unfortunately, this approach can be shown to fail in a number of important situations, e.g., for the classical double layer operator on polygonal domains. This is due to the fact that too much information is lost in the transition from the continuous to the discrete problem. The paper [Börm/Grasedyck2004] proposes a different approach: the cross approximation is applied to the original kernel function, and the resulting kernel expansion is then discretized. The paper gives a rigorous proof for the convergence of this approach and numerical experiments which indicate that the hybrid technique is both faster and more reliable than previous methods.
MPI, SpringerLink

[Börm/Grasedyck/Hackbusch2004]
Steffen Börm, Lars Grasedyck, Wolfgang Hackbusch: Hierarchical matrices
These are the lecture notes of the winterschool on hierarchical matrices. We cover low-rank approximation schemes, clustering techniques, truncated arithmetics, complexity estimates, -matrices and the application of these techniques to integral operators, elliptic partial differential equations and control theory. The lectures notes also contain a description of the basic and some of the more advanced functions and structures of the HLib package and a number of theoretical and practical exercises.
MPI

[Börm2004]
Steffen Börm: Approximation of integral operators by H²-matrices with adaptive bases
Computing 74:249-271 (2005)
The -matrices constructed by interpolation [Börm/Hackbusch2002a] will typically contain a degree of redundancy, since the general polynomial approximation scheme cannot take special properties of the geometry of the kernel function into account. This paper presents two algorithms that can be used to improve the efficiency: Orthogonalization detects expansion functions that have become irrelevant during the discretization, while recompression takes the kernel function into account.
MPI, SpringerLink

[Börm2004a]
Steffen Börm: H²-matrix arithmetics in linear complexity
Computing 77:1-28 (2006)
One of the main advantages of hierarchical matrices lies in the fact that arithmetic operations like matrix addition, multiplication and inversion can be performed in almost linear complexity. "Almost" linear complexity means that additional logarithmic factors appear in theory and practice. While this is natural for hierarchical matrices, it is not for -matrices. This paper presents algorithms that compute best approximations of sums and products of -matrices in linear complexity. Numerical experiments demonstrate the practical advantages of the new methods compared to general H-matrix arithmetics.
MPI, SpringerLink

[Grasedyck2004]
Lars Grasedyck: Adaptive recompression of H-matrices for BEM
Computing 74(3):205-223 (2005)
The approximation constructed by ACA will typically not be the optimal representation of a given integral operator in the hierarchical matrix format. This paper introduces an improved ACA algorithm and a coarsening technique that lead to a significant reduction of the storage complexity.
MPI, SpringerLink

2003

[Bebendorf/Hackbusch2003]
Mario Bebendorf, Wolfgang Hackbusch: Existence of H-matrix approximants to the inverse FE-matrix of elliptic operators with Loo-coefficients
Num. Math. (2003), 95:1-28
The problem of finding a good approximation of the inverse of a finite element stiffness matrix is similar to that of finding local low-rank approximations of the integral operator defined by the corresponding Green function. In this paper, these approximations are constructed for elliptic operators with non-smooth coefficients.
MPI, SpringerLink

[Grasedyck/Hackbusch2003]
Lars Grasedyck, Wolfgang Hackbusch: Construction and Arithmetics of H-Matrices
Computing (2003), 70:295-334
The complexity of the H-matrix arithmetics (addition, multiplication, inversion) is estimated in a general and rigorous framework. The proofs are based on standard geometric (regular) clustering and cover the field of finite element as well as boundary element discretisations on non-regular (locally refined) grids in arbitrary dimension.
MPI, SpringerLink

[Grasedyck/Hackbusch/Khoromskij2003]
Lars Grasedyck, Wolfgang Hackbusch, Boris Khoromskij: Solution of large-scale algebraic matrix Riccati equations by use of hierarchical matrices
Computing (2003), 70:121-165
The H-matrix arithmetic can be applied to matrix equations from control theory if the solution and all intermediate results can be represented in the hierarchical matrix format. This paper gives a rigorous proof of the approximability of the solutions of algebraic matrix Riccati equations.
MPI, SpringerLink

[Bebendorf/Rjasanow2003]
Mario Bebendorf, Sergej Rjasanow: Adaptive low-rank approximation of collocation matrices
Computing (2003), 70:1-24
This paper describes a variant of the ACA algorithm and investigates its convergence in the case of integral operators that have been discretized by a collocation method. The paper also introduces an partitioning strategy for matrices that reduces the number of blocks but is no longer compatible with the hierarchical matrix structure.
SpringerLink

2002

[Börm/Hackbusch2002]
Steffen Börm, Wolfgang Hackbusch: Data-sparse approximation by adaptive H²-matrices
Computing (2002), 69:1-35
While finding the best approximation of an arbitrary matrix in a suitable hierarchical matrix format is a straightforward application of the singular value decomposition, the situation is much more complicated for -matrices, since we can not approximate all blocks independently, and have to ensure that the approximation spaces are nested. This paper describes and analyzes an algorithm that finds a quasi-optimal approximation of an arbitrary matrix in the -matrix format.
MPI, SpringerLink

[Börm/Hackbusch2002a]
Steffen Börm, Wolfgang Hackbusch: H²-matrix approximation of integral operators by interpolation
Appl. Num. Math. (2002), 43:129-143
The construction introduced in [Giebermann2001] can be used to create -matrices. The resulting algorithms are very fast and can be applied to arbitrary geometries and arbitrary asymptotically smooth kernel functions.
MPI, ScienceDirect

2001

[Grasedyck2001]
Lars Grasedyck: Theorie und Anwendungen Hierarchischer Matrizen
Ph.D. thesis, accepted 2001 by the University of Kiel
This thesis gives an introduction to the theory of hierarchical matrices, covering the approximation of integral operators, the arithmetic operations and very general complexity estimates based on the concepts of sparsity and idempotence of block cluster trees. It also provides error estimates for arithmetic operations.
PDF (2822 KB)

[Giebermann2001]
Klaus Giebermann: Multilevel approximation of boundary integral operators
Computing, 67:183-207, 2001
In this paper, the author introduces a multilevel strategy for approximating integral operators by nested interpolation. This approach is closely related to the interpolation methods used to provide initial approximations for current -matrix techniques.
SpringerLink

2000

[Hackbusch/Khoromskij2000]
Wolfgang Hackbusch, Boris Khoromskij: A sparse H-matrix arithmetic. Part 2: Application to multi-dimensional problems.
Computing (2000), 64:21-47
The topic of this paper is the generalization of the basic H-matrix concepts, in particular of the complexity estimates, to the multi-dimensional setting.
MPI, SpringerLink

[Tyrtyshnikov2000]
Eugene Tyrtyshnikov: Incomplete cross approximation in the mosaic-skeleton method
Computing (2000), 64:367-380
This paper describes a method for finding low-rank approximations of admissible blocks by looking for subspaces corresponding to maximal volumes. The resulting approximations are closely related to the adaptive cross approximation technique [Bebendorf/Rjasanow2003].
SpringerLink

[Sauter2000]
Stefan Sauter: Variable order panel clustering
Computing (2000), 64:223-261
This paper introduces and analyzes an algorithm for the approximation of certain integral operators which ensures the optimal order of convergence of the discretization scheme with the optimal order of complexity. This remarkable result is due to the fact that a low-order expansion is sufficient on geometrically small domains, while higher orders are only required on large domains.
MPI (extended), SpringerLink

1999

[Hackbusch/Khoromskij/Sauter1999]
Wolfgang Hackbusch, Boris Khoromskij, Stefan Sauter: On -matrices
Lectures on Applied Mathematics (2002), page 9-29, Springer Berlin
This is the first paper on -matrices, a specialized variant of hierarchical matrices that combines the hierarchical block structure with a hierarchy of subspaces in order to improve the efficiency of the representation.
MPI, SpringerLink

[Hackbusch1999]
Wolfgang Hackbusch: A sparse matrix arithmetic based on H-matrices. Part I: Introduction to H-matrices.
Computing (1999), 62:89-108
This is the first paper ever written on hierarchical matrices. All the basic concepts of the H-matrix arithmetic are introduced for a simple one-dimensional model problem with rank-one approximations of the admissible blocks.
PDF (415 KB), SpringerLink

[Goreinov/Tyrtyschnikov/Zamarashkin1997]
S.A. Goreinov, E.E. Tyrtyshnikov, N.L. Zamarashkin: A theory of pseudoskeleton approximations
Linear Algebra and its Applications (1997), 261:1-21
This paper demonstrates that if a matrix can be approximated by low rank k, it can also be approximated by a matrix constructed from k of its rows and columns (called a pseudoskeleton approximation). This results indicates that the related cross approximation technique (cf. [Tyrtyshnikov2000], [Bebendorf/Rjasanov2003]) can work if the correct rows and columns are chosen.
ScienceDirect

[Goreinov/Tyrtyshnikov/Zamarashkin1997b]
S.A. Goreinov, E.E. Tyrtyshnikov, N.L. Zamarashkin: Pseudo-skeleton approximation by matrices of maximal volume
Mathematical Notes (1997), 62:515-519
This paper suggests a strategy for choosing the rows and columns required for the pseudo-skeleton approximation (cf. [Goreinov/Tyrtyhnikov/Zamarashkin1997].
SpringerLink


Steffen Börm and Lars Grasedyck
Max-Planck-Institut für Mathematik in den Naturwissenschaften
Inselstrasse 22-26, 04103 Leipzig, Germany

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